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Contemporary linguistics / William O'Grady (1993)

Público ISBD Título : Contemporary linguistics : An introducction Tipo de documento: texto impreso Autores: William O'Grady, Autor ; Michael Dobrovolsky, Autor ; Mark Aronoff, Autor Mención de edición: 2a. ed. Editorial: New York : St. Martin's Press Fecha de publicación: 1993 Número de páginas: 620 p. Dimensiones: 24 cm. ISBN/ISSN/DL: 978-0-312-06780-9 Idioma : Inglés (eng) Nota de contenido: CONTENTS Chapter 1 Language: A Preview William O'Grady and Michael Dobrovolsky 1.1 Creativity 1.2 Grammar and Linguistic Competence Generality: All Languages Have a Grammar Equality: All Grammars Are Equal Changeability: Grammars Change over Time Universality: Grammars Are Alike in Basic Ways Tacitness: Grammatical Knowledge Is Subconscious Summary 1.3 Specialization Summing Up Key Terms Sources Recommended Reading Questions Chapter 2 Phonetics: The Sounds of Language Michael Dobrovolsky 2.1 Phonetic Transcription Segments 2.2 The Sound-Producing System The Lungs The Larynx Glottal States 2.3 Sound Classes Vowels and Consonants Glides 2.4 Consonant Articulation The Tongue 19 Places of Articulation 2.5 Manners of Articulation Oral versus Nasal Stops Fricatives Affricates Voice Lag and Aspiration Liquids Syllabic Liquids and Nasals American Glides 2.6 Vowels Simple Vowels and Diphthongs Basic Parameters for Describing Vowels Tense and Lax Vowels 2.7 Phonetic Transcription of American English Consonants and Vowels 2.8 Other Vowels and Consonants Vowels Consonants 2.9 Suprasegmentals Pitch Length Stress 2.10 Coarticulation Articulatory Processes Summing Up Key Terms Sources Recommended Reading Appendix A: Articulatory Representation of English Consonants Appendix B: The International Phonetic Alphabet (condensed) Questions For the Student Linguist: “Don't Worry about Spelling” Chapter 3 Phonology: The Function and Patterning of Sounds Michael Dobrovolsky 3.1 Segments in Contrast Minimal Pairs Language-Specific Contrasts 3.2 Phonetically Conditioned Variation: Phonemes and Allophones Complementary Distribution Phonemes and Allophones The Reality of Phonemes Classes and Generalization in Phonology Canadian Raising English Vowels and Glides Language-Specific Patterns 3.3 Phonetic and Phonemic Transcription 3.4 Features Why We Use Features The Features of English 3.5 Above the Segment: Syllables Defining the Syllable Onset Constraints and Phonotactics Accidental and Systematic Gaps Setting Up Syllables Syllabic Phonology 3.6 Derivations and Rule Ordering Derivations Rule Application 3.7 The Form and Notation of Rules Rules Processes: A Last Word Representations 3.8 Stress and Metrics Unbounded Feet Bounded Feet Primary and Secondary Stresses Complexity from Simplicity: Stress Parameters Extrametricality Summing Up Key Terms Sources Recommended Reading Appendix: Hints for Solving Phonology Problems Questions For the Student Linguist: “The Feature Presentation" Chapter 4 Morphology: The Study of Word Structure Videa P. De Guzman, William O'Grady, and Mark Aronoff 4.1 The Minimal Meaningful Units of Language Words Free Forms Signs and Morphemes 4.2 Morphology Identifying Morphemes and Allomorphs Free and Bound Morphemes Word Structure 4.3 Word Formation Derivation Compounding Other Word Formation 4.4 Inflection Inflection versus Derivation Nominal Inflection Verbal Inflection 4.5 Morphology and Phonology Morphophonemic Rules Deriving Allomorphs Conditioning by Morphological Class Abstract Underlying Representations Summing Up Key Terms Sources Recommended Reading Appendix: How to Identify Morphemes in Unfamiliar Languages Questions For the Student Linguist: “Bambification" Chapter 5 Syntax: The Analysis of Sentence Structure William O'Grady 5.1 Categories and Structure Word-Level Categories Phrase Structure Sentences Tests for Phrase Structure X' Categories 1 5.2 Complement Options Complement Options for Verbs Complement Options for Other Categories Complement Clauses 5.3 Transformations Inversion in Yes-No Questions Deep Structure and Surface Structure Wh Movement A More Detailed Look at Transformations Constraints on Transformations 5.4 Universal Grammar and Parametric Variation Variation in Syntactic Categories Variation in Phrase Structure Rules Variation in the Choice of Transformations Variation in the Formulation of Transformations 5.5 Some Extensions Coordination Modifiers Relative Clauses 5.6 Other Types of Syntactic Analysis Passive Structures Relational Analysis Functional Analysis Summing Up Key Terms Sources Recommended Reading Appendix: How to Build Tree Structures Questions For the Student Linguist: "Backwards” Chapter 6 Semantics: The Study of Meaning William O'Grady 6.1 Meaning Semantic Relations among Words Semantic Relations involving Sentences What Is Meaning? Word Meaning 6.2 The Conceptual System Fuzzy Concepts Metaphor The Lexicalization of Concepts The Grammaticization of Concepts 6.3 Syntactic Structure and Interpretation Structural Ambiguity Thematic Roles The Interpretation of Pronouns 6.4 Other Factors in Sentence Interpretation The Role of Beliefs and Attitudes Setting Discourse Conversational Strategies Speech Acts 6.5 Language, Meaning, and Thought The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Summing Up Key Terms Sources Recommended Reading Questions For the Student Linguist: "Elvis's Biggest Fan Cleans Out Bank-Accomplice Launders the Dough” Chapter 7 Historical Linguistics: The Study of Language Change Robert Murray 7.1 The Nature of Language Change Systematicity of Language Change Causes of Language Change 7.2 Sound Change Segmental Change Auditorily-based Change Phonetic versus Phonological Change Explaining Phonological Shift Sound Change and Rule Ordering 7.3 Morphological Change Addition of Affixes Loss of Affixes From Synthetic to Analytic to Synthetic Analogy Reanalysis 7.4 Syntactic Change Word Order Inversion in the History of English 7.5 Lexical and Semantic Change Addition of Lexical Items Loss of Lexical Items Semantic Change 7.6 The Spread of Change Diffusion through the Language Spread through the Population 7.7 Language Reconstruction Comparative Reconstruction Techniques of Reconstruction Internal Reconstruction The Discovery of Indo-European Reconstruction and Typology 7.8 Language Change and Naturalness Summing Up Key Terms Sources Recommended Reading Questions Chapter 8 The Classification of Languages Aleksandra Steinbergs 8.1 Structural versus Genetic Relationships 8.2 Structural Classification Phonology Morphology Syntax Explaining Universals 8.3 Genetic Classification The Indo-European Family Some Other Families The Americas Language Isolates Summing Up Key Terms Sources Recommended Reading Questions Chapter 9 Brain and Language Gary Libben 9.1 The Human Brain The Cerebral Cortex The Cerebral Hemispheres The Lobes of the Cortex 9.2 Investigating the Brain Autopsy Studies Images of the Living Brain Learning from Hemispheric Connections and Disconnections 9.3 Aphasia Nonfluent Aphasia Fluent Aphasia 9.4 Acquired Dyslexia and Dysgraphia Reading and Writing Disturbances in Aphasia Acquired Dyslexia as the Dominant Language Deficit 9.5 Linguistic Theory and Aphasia Features, Rules, and Underlying Forms Agrammatism Function Words The Loss of Syntactic Competence Agrammatism in Other Languages 9.6 Where Is Language? Summing Up Key Terms Sources Recommended Reading Questions Chapter 10 Language Acquisition: The Emergence of a Grammar Sook Whan Cho and William O'Grady 10.1 The Study of Language Acquisition Methods 10.2 Phonological Development Babbling The Developmental Order Early Phonetic Processes Production versus Perception 10.3 Morphological Development A Developmental Sequence Morphophonemic Rules Word Formation Rules 10.4 Development of Word Meaning Acquisition of Word Meaning Spatial and Dimensional Terms 10.5 Syntactic Development The One-Word Stage The Two-Word Stage The Telegraphic Stage Later Development The Interpretation of Sentence Structure 10.6 Determinants of Language Acquisition The Role of Imitation and Correction The Role of Parental Speech The Role of Cognitive Development The Role of Inborn Knowledge Summing Up Key Terms Sources Recommended Reading Questions Chapter 11 Second Language Acquisition Christine Laurell 11.1 Questions and Issues The Optimal Age Issue The Role of Linguistic Input The Language Learning Environment Comparing L1 and L2 Acquisition 11.2 The Study of Second Language Acquisition Phonological Development Morphological Development Syntactic Development 11.3 Methods of Analysis Contrastive Analysis Error Analysis 11.4 The Learner Language Learner Strategies Personality 11.5 Teaching Methodologies Grammar Translation Method Direct Method Audiolingual Method Communicative Language Teaching 11.6 The Immersion Approach Total Immersion 418 Partial Immersion Summing Up Key Terms Sources Recommended Reading Questions Chapter 12 Language in Social Contexts Ronald H. Southerland and Frank Anshen 12.1 Fundamental Concepts 12.2 Social Differentiation of Language Social Stratification Other Ways of Studying Social Differentiation The Social Stratification of English Language and Gender Euphemism Slang Jargon and Argot Politics and Language 12.3 Dialectology Methods English in North America 12.4 Mixed Languages Pidgins Creoles 12.5 Speech Situations Register Forms of Address Discourse and Text Summing Up Key Terms Sources Recommended Reading Questions For the Student Linguist: “When Language Goes Bad” Chapter 13 Writing and Language Michael Dobrovolsky and William O'Grady 13.1 Types of Writing Logographic Writing Phonographic Writing 13.2 The History of Writing Prewriting Pictograms 13.3 The Evolution of Writing Rebuses and the Emergence of Writing Towards Syllabic Writing Another Middle Eastern Writing System: Hieroglyphics The Emergence of Alphabets Other Developments, East and West 13.4 Some Other Writing Systems Chinese Writing Japanese Syllabics Korean Writing American Scripts African Scripts Indian Scripts 13.5 English Orthography Irregularities Obstacles to Reform Impact on Reading Summing Up Key Terms Sources Recommended Reading Questions Chapter 14 Animal Communication Michael Dobrovolsky 14.1 Nonvocal Communication 14.2 Communication Structure Types of Signs Sign Structure A View of Animal Communication 14.3 The Bees The System Bees and Humans 14.4 The Birds Bird Vocalization Birds and Humans 14.5 Nonhuman Primates Some Functions of Nonhuman Primate Communication Prosimian Communication Monkeys Gibbons, Orangutans, and Chimpanzees 14.6 Testing Nonhuman Primates for Linguistic Ability Some Experiments Nonsigning Experiments The Clever Hans Controversy The Great Ape Debate Implications 14.7 Comparing Communication Systems: Design Features The Features Summing Up Key Terms Picture Credits Sources Recommended Reading Questions Chapter 15 Computational Linguistics Judith Klavans 15.1 Computational Phonetics and Phonology The Talking Machine: Speech Synthesis Speech Recognition or Speech Analysis 15.2 Computational Morphology Morphological Processes Some Problems in Computational Morphology 15.3 Computational Syntax Natural Language Analysis Natural Language Generation 15.4 Computational Lexicology 15.5 Computational Semantics Pragmatics 15.6 Practical Applications of Computational Linguistics Indexing and Concordances Text Retrieval Machine Translation Speech Recognition Speech Synthesis Summing Up Key Terms Recommended Reading Questions For the Student Linguist: “One Second” Glossary Language Index Index Link: http://humani.unsa.edu.ar/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=20510 Contemporary linguistics : An introducction [texto impreso] / William O'Grady, Autor ; Michael Dobrovolsky, Autor ; Mark Aronoff, Autor  . -  2a. ed. . - New York : St. Martin's Press, 1993 . - 620 p. ; 24 cm. ISBN : 978-0-312-06780-9 Idioma : Inglés (eng) Nota de contenido: CONTENTS Chapter 1 Language: A Preview William O'Grady and Michael Dobrovolsky 1.1 Creativity 1.2 Grammar and Linguistic Competence Generality: All Languages Have a Grammar Equality: All Grammars Are Equal Changeability: Grammars Change over Time Universality: Grammars Are Alike in Basic Ways Tacitness: Grammatical Knowledge Is Subconscious Summary 1.3 Specialization Summing Up Key Terms Sources Recommended Reading Questions Chapter 2 Phonetics: The Sounds of Language Michael Dobrovolsky 2.1 Phonetic Transcription Segments 2.2 The Sound-Producing System The Lungs The Larynx Glottal States 2.3 Sound Classes Vowels and Consonants Glides 2.4 Consonant Articulation The Tongue 19 Places of Articulation 2.5 Manners of Articulation Oral versus Nasal Stops Fricatives Affricates Voice Lag and Aspiration Liquids Syllabic Liquids and Nasals American Glides 2.6 Vowels Simple Vowels and Diphthongs Basic Parameters for Describing Vowels Tense and Lax Vowels 2.7 Phonetic Transcription of American English Consonants and Vowels 2.8 Other Vowels and Consonants Vowels Consonants 2.9 Suprasegmentals Pitch Length Stress 2.10 Coarticulation Articulatory Processes Summing Up Key Terms Sources Recommended Reading Appendix A: Articulatory Representation of English Consonants Appendix B: The International Phonetic Alphabet (condensed) Questions For the Student Linguist: “Don't Worry about Spelling” Chapter 3 Phonology: The Function and Patterning of Sounds Michael Dobrovolsky 3.1 Segments in Contrast Minimal Pairs Language-Specific Contrasts 3.2 Phonetically Conditioned Variation: Phonemes and Allophones Complementary Distribution Phonemes and Allophones The Reality of Phonemes Classes and Generalization in Phonology Canadian Raising English Vowels and Glides Language-Specific Patterns 3.3 Phonetic and Phonemic Transcription 3.4 Features Why We Use Features The Features of English 3.5 Above the Segment: Syllables Defining the Syllable Onset Constraints and Phonotactics Accidental and Systematic Gaps Setting Up Syllables Syllabic Phonology 3.6 Derivations and Rule Ordering Derivations Rule Application 3.7 The Form and Notation of Rules Rules Processes: A Last Word Representations 3.8 Stress and Metrics Unbounded Feet Bounded Feet Primary and Secondary Stresses Complexity from Simplicity: Stress Parameters Extrametricality Summing Up Key Terms Sources Recommended Reading Appendix: Hints for Solving Phonology Problems Questions For the Student Linguist: “The Feature Presentation" Chapter 4 Morphology: The Study of Word Structure Videa P. De Guzman, William O'Grady, and Mark Aronoff 4.1 The Minimal Meaningful Units of Language Words Free Forms Signs and Morphemes 4.2 Morphology Identifying Morphemes and Allomorphs Free and Bound Morphemes Word Structure 4.3 Word Formation Derivation Compounding Other Word Formation 4.4 Inflection Inflection versus Derivation Nominal Inflection Verbal Inflection 4.5 Morphology and Phonology Morphophonemic Rules Deriving Allomorphs Conditioning by Morphological Class Abstract Underlying Representations Summing Up Key Terms Sources Recommended Reading Appendix: How to Identify Morphemes in Unfamiliar Languages Questions For the Student Linguist: “Bambification" Chapter 5 Syntax: The Analysis of Sentence Structure William O'Grady 5.1 Categories and Structure Word-Level Categories Phrase Structure Sentences Tests for Phrase Structure X' Categories 1 5.2 Complement Options Complement Options for Verbs Complement Options for Other Categories Complement Clauses 5.3 Transformations Inversion in Yes-No Questions Deep Structure and Surface Structure Wh Movement A More Detailed Look at Transformations Constraints on Transformations 5.4 Universal Grammar and Parametric Variation Variation in Syntactic Categories Variation in Phrase Structure Rules Variation in the Choice of Transformations Variation in the Formulation of Transformations 5.5 Some Extensions Coordination Modifiers Relative Clauses 5.6 Other Types of Syntactic Analysis Passive Structures Relational Analysis Functional Analysis Summing Up Key Terms Sources Recommended Reading Appendix: How to Build Tree Structures Questions For the Student Linguist: "Backwards” Chapter 6 Semantics: The Study of Meaning William O'Grady 6.1 Meaning Semantic Relations among Words Semantic Relations involving Sentences What Is Meaning? Word Meaning 6.2 The Conceptual System Fuzzy Concepts Metaphor The Lexicalization of Concepts The Grammaticization of Concepts 6.3 Syntactic Structure and Interpretation Structural Ambiguity Thematic Roles The Interpretation of Pronouns 6.4 Other Factors in Sentence Interpretation The Role of Beliefs and Attitudes Setting Discourse Conversational Strategies Speech Acts 6.5 Language, Meaning, and Thought The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Summing Up Key Terms Sources Recommended Reading Questions For the Student Linguist: "Elvis's Biggest Fan Cleans Out Bank-Accomplice Launders the Dough” Chapter 7 Historical Linguistics: The Study of Language Change Robert Murray 7.1 The Nature of Language Change Systematicity of Language Change Causes of Language Change 7.2 Sound Change Segmental Change Auditorily-based Change Phonetic versus Phonological Change Explaining Phonological Shift Sound Change and Rule Ordering 7.3 Morphological Change Addition of Affixes Loss of Affixes From Synthetic to Analytic to Synthetic Analogy Reanalysis 7.4 Syntactic Change Word Order Inversion in the History of English 7.5 Lexical and Semantic Change Addition of Lexical Items Loss of Lexical Items Semantic Change 7.6 The Spread of Change Diffusion through the Language Spread through the Population 7.7 Language Reconstruction Comparative Reconstruction Techniques of Reconstruction Internal Reconstruction The Discovery of Indo-European Reconstruction and Typology 7.8 Language Change and Naturalness Summing Up Key Terms Sources Recommended Reading Questions Chapter 8 The Classification of Languages Aleksandra Steinbergs 8.1 Structural versus Genetic Relationships 8.2 Structural Classification Phonology Morphology Syntax Explaining Universals 8.3 Genetic Classification The Indo-European Family Some Other Families The Americas Language Isolates Summing Up Key Terms Sources Recommended Reading Questions Chapter 9 Brain and Language Gary Libben 9.1 The Human Brain The Cerebral Cortex The Cerebral Hemispheres The Lobes of the Cortex 9.2 Investigating the Brain Autopsy Studies Images of the Living Brain Learning from Hemispheric Connections and Disconnections 9.3 Aphasia Nonfluent Aphasia Fluent Aphasia 9.4 Acquired Dyslexia and Dysgraphia Reading and Writing Disturbances in Aphasia Acquired Dyslexia as the Dominant Language Deficit 9.5 Linguistic Theory and Aphasia Features, Rules, and Underlying Forms Agrammatism Function Words The Loss of Syntactic Competence Agrammatism in Other Languages 9.6 Where Is Language? Summing Up Key Terms Sources Recommended Reading Questions Chapter 10 Language Acquisition: The Emergence of a Grammar Sook Whan Cho and William O'Grady 10.1 The Study of Language Acquisition Methods 10.2 Phonological Development Babbling The Developmental Order Early Phonetic Processes Production versus Perception 10.3 Morphological Development A Developmental Sequence Morphophonemic Rules Word Formation Rules 10.4 Development of Word Meaning Acquisition of Word Meaning Spatial and Dimensional Terms 10.5 Syntactic Development The One-Word Stage The Two-Word Stage The Telegraphic Stage Later Development The Interpretation of Sentence Structure 10.6 Determinants of Language Acquisition The Role of Imitation and Correction The Role of Parental Speech The Role of Cognitive Development The Role of Inborn Knowledge Summing Up Key Terms Sources Recommended Reading Questions Chapter 11 Second Language Acquisition Christine Laurell 11.1 Questions and Issues The Optimal Age Issue The Role of Linguistic Input The Language Learning Environment Comparing L1 and L2 Acquisition 11.2 The Study of Second Language Acquisition Phonological Development Morphological Development Syntactic Development 11.3 Methods of Analysis Contrastive Analysis Error Analysis 11.4 The Learner Language Learner Strategies Personality 11.5 Teaching Methodologies Grammar Translation Method Direct Method Audiolingual Method Communicative Language Teaching 11.6 The Immersion Approach Total Immersion 418 Partial Immersion Summing Up Key Terms Sources Recommended Reading Questions Chapter 12 Language in Social Contexts Ronald H. Southerland and Frank Anshen 12.1 Fundamental Concepts 12.2 Social Differentiation of Language Social Stratification Other Ways of Studying Social Differentiation The Social Stratification of English Language and Gender Euphemism Slang Jargon and Argot Politics and Language 12.3 Dialectology Methods English in North America 12.4 Mixed Languages Pidgins Creoles 12.5 Speech Situations Register Forms of Address Discourse and Text Summing Up Key Terms Sources Recommended Reading Questions For the Student Linguist: “When Language Goes Bad” Chapter 13 Writing and Language Michael Dobrovolsky and William O'Grady 13.1 Types of Writing Logographic Writing Phonographic Writing 13.2 The History of Writing Prewriting Pictograms 13.3 The Evolution of Writing Rebuses and the Emergence of Writing Towards Syllabic Writing Another Middle Eastern Writing System: Hieroglyphics The Emergence of Alphabets Other Developments, East and West 13.4 Some Other Writing Systems Chinese Writing Japanese Syllabics Korean Writing American Scripts African Scripts Indian Scripts 13.5 English Orthography Irregularities Obstacles to Reform Impact on Reading Summing Up Key Terms Sources Recommended Reading Questions Chapter 14 Animal Communication Michael Dobrovolsky 14.1 Nonvocal Communication 14.2 Communication Structure Types of Signs Sign Structure A View of Animal Communication 14.3 The Bees The System Bees and Humans 14.4 The Birds Bird Vocalization Birds and Humans 14.5 Nonhuman Primates Some Functions of Nonhuman Primate Communication Prosimian Communication Monkeys Gibbons, Orangutans, and Chimpanzees 14.6 Testing Nonhuman Primates for Linguistic Ability Some Experiments Nonsigning Experiments The Clever Hans Controversy The Great Ape Debate Implications 14.7 Comparing Communication Systems: Design Features The Features Summing Up Key Terms Picture Credits Sources Recommended Reading Questions Chapter 15 Computational Linguistics Judith Klavans 15.1 Computational Phonetics and Phonology The Talking Machine: Speech Synthesis Speech Recognition or Speech Analysis 15.2 Computational Morphology Morphological Processes Some Problems in Computational Morphology 15.3 Computational Syntax Natural Language Analysis Natural Language Generation 15.4 Computational Lexicology 15.5 Computational Semantics Pragmatics 15.6 Practical Applications of Computational Linguistics Indexing and Concordances Text Retrieval Machine Translation Speech Recognition Speech Synthesis Summing Up Key Terms Recommended Reading Questions For the Student Linguist: “One Second” Glossary Language Index Index Link: http://humani.unsa.edu.ar/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=20510

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